Development and psychometric analysis of a new internalized homophobia scale

Keywords: Internalized homophobia, Validity, Reliability, Culture, LGB

Abstract

Internalized homophobia is an important construct for the development and physical and mental health of lesbian, gay and bisexual people, yet its operationalization has been constantly criticized and pointed out as complicated, by its content, by its psychometric properties and by the cultural influence with which the scales count. The purpose of this study was the construction of a culturally relevant internalized homophobia scale for LGB adults, as well as the identification of its dimensions and the evaluation of its psychometric properties of construct validity and reliability. 782 volunteers aged between 18 and 52 participated. Through an exploratory factor analysis, a scale was obtained with 22 items distributed in four factors, which explained 54.38% of the variance. An internal consistency analysis showed a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.92. The results are discussed in light of various proposed theories and measurement models on internalized homophobia. This study responded to various criticisms about the operationalization of this construct, in addition to providing a valid and reliable new instrument that maintains and adds new elements to this construct.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Cristian Iván Bonilla-Teoyotl, Facultad de Psicología | UNAM |
He obtained a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology from the Faculty of Higher Studies Zaragoza of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, currently he is a doctoral student at the Faculty of Psychology in the Master's and Doctorate program in Psychology at UNAM, in the field of Psychology Social and Environmental. It has been developed within the research through participation in various PAPIIT projects (codes IN 303316, IN 307020) under topics such as beliefs, culture, physical health and mental health. He has published research articles, specialized book chapters, extensive abstracts and presented various papers at national and international congresses and symposia. He was trained and participated in the tutoring of students with recoverable lag at the FES Zaragoza and in research projects within the same institution (codes 2017-12 / 48-2507 and Official Letter FESZ / PSIC / 511/17). He has been a workshop teacher with students of upper-secondary education from UNAM. His research topics are mainly sexual diversity, discrimination, culture and gender.
Sofía Rivera-Aragón, Facultad de Psicología | UNAM |
He obtained a Bachelor's, Master's and Doctorate from the Faculty of Psychology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. He has been a full professor “C” T. C. Def., For 38 years. He has a PRIDE level "D" at UNAM and is a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI), level "I". She was Academic Secretary of the Research and Postgraduate Division (September 2009 to October 2013); Coordinator of the Unique Program of Specializations in Psychology (November 2013 to April 2016); and head of the Research and Postgraduate Division (May 2016 to April 2019), all of them in the Faculty of Psychology of the UNAM. He has published 111 articles in national and international magazines and 234 chapters in specialized books, has 7 published books and 2 in press, 176 extensive abstracts and 12 technical reports. He has presented several papers and symposia in collaboration with his research team at national and international conferences. He obtained the 2006 National University Award, in the area of ​​Social Sciences; the Dr. Rogelio Díaz Guerrero Award for Psychosocial Research and Ethnopsychology (2006); and the Teaching and Research Award in Psychology from the National Council for Teaching and Research in Psychology (CNEIP, 2012). The Fenapsime research award, 2020. He has supervised 144 theses: 104 undergraduate, 19 master's and 21 doctorate, completed. 3 students on doctoral research stays and 1 postdoctoral fellow. He has been responsible and co-responsible for 12 research projects financed by the Pan American Health Organization, Conacyt and DGAPA-PAPIIT.

References

American Psychiatric Association [APA] (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3a. ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.

Antebi-Gruszka, N., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2019). Negative Attitudes ToWard Same-Sex Behavior Inventory: An internalized homonegativity measure for research with bisexual, gay, and other non-gay identified men who have sex with men. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 5(2), 156-168. DOI:10.1037/sgd0000292

Balsam, K., & Mohr, J. (2007). Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 306-319. DOI:10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.306

Bell, A. P., & Weinberg, M. S. (1978). Homosexuality: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women. Theology Today, 36(2), 307-309. DOI: 10.1177/004057367903600238

Berg, R., Munthe-Kass, H., & Ross, M. (2016). Internalized Homonegativity: A Sistematic Mapping Review of Empirical Research. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(4), 541-558. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2015.1083788

Bernal-García, M. I., Salamanca, D. R., Pérez, N., & Quemba, M. P. (2020). Validez de contenido por juicio de expertos de un instrumento para medir percepciones físico-emocionales en la práctica de disección anatómica. Educación Médica, 21(6), 349-356. DOI: 10.1016/j.edumed.2018.08.008

Bonilla-Teoyotl, C. I., Rivera-Aragón, S., Díaz-Loving, R., Cruz-Sierra, S., García-Rodríguez, G., Velasco-Matus, P. W., Jaen-Cortés, C. I., & Méndez-Rangel, F. (2019). El concepto de la homophobia internalizada: Matices desde la diversidad sexual [Resumen]. International Journal of Sexual Health, 31(sup1), A193. DOI: 10.1080/19317611.2019.1661941

Brooks, R. A., Etzel, M. A., Hinojos, E., Henry, C. L., & Pérez, M. (2005). Preventing HIV among Latino and African Gay and Bisexual Men in a Context of HIV-Related Stigma, Discrimination, and Homphobia: Perspectives of Providers. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 19(11), 737-744. DOI:10.1089/APC.2005.19.737

Brown, T. (2002). A Proposed Model of Bisexual Identity Development that Elaborates on Experiential Differences of Women and Men. Journal of Bisexuality, 2(4), 67-91. DOI: 10.1300/J159v02n04_05

Cabaj, R. P. (1988). Homosexuality and neurosis: Considerations for psychotherapy. Journal of Homosexuality, 15(1-2), 13-23. DOI: 10.1300/J082v15n01_03

Cabaj, R. P. (2000). Substance abuse, internalized homophobia, and gay men and lesbians: Psychodynamic issues and clinical implications. In J. R. Guss & J. Drescher (eds.), Addictions in the gay and lesbian community (pp. 5-24). Haworth Press. DOI: 10.1300/J236v03n03_02

Campo-Arias, A., & Oviedo, H. C. (2008). Propiedades psicométricas de una escala: La consistencia interna. Revista de Salud Pública, 10(5), 831-839.

Campo-Arias, A., Herazo, E., & Oviedo, H. C. (2012). Análisis de factores: Fundamentos para la evaluación de instrumentos de medición en salud mental. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 41(3), 659-671. DOI: 10.1016/S0034-7450(14)60036-6

Cass, V. C. (1979). Homosexuality identity formation: A theorical model. Journal of homosexuality, 4(3), 219-235. DOI: 10.1300/J082v04n03_01

Cass, V. C. (1990). The implications of homosexual identity formation for the Kinsey model and scale of sexual preference. In D. P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders & J. M. Reinisch (eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 239-266). New York: Oxford University Press.

Castañeda, M. (2011). La experiencia homosexual: Para comprender la homosexualidad desde dentro y desde fuera. México: Paidós.

Coleman, E. (1982a). Developmental stages of the coming out process. Journal of homosexuality, 7(2-3), 31-43. DOI: 10.1300/J082v07n02_06

Coleman, E. (1982b). Developmental stages of the coming-out process. American behavioral scientist, 25(4), 496-482. DOI: 10.1177/000276482025004009

Coleman, E., Rosser, B. R. S., & Strapko, N. (1992). Sexual and intimacy dysfunction among homosexual men and women. Psychiatric Medicine, 10(2), 257-271.

Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. (9 de junio, 2016). Why some bisexual men stay in closet? Sciencie Daily. Recuperado de https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/06/160609115439.htm

Costa, P. A., Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2013). Internalized homonegativity, disclosure, and acceptance of sexual orientation in a sample of portuguese gay and bisexual men, and lesbian and bisexual women. Journal of Bisexuality, 13(2), 229-244. DOI: 10.1080/15299716.2013.782481

Cruz, C., Díaz-Loving, R., & Miranda, E. (2009). Construcción de una escala sobre normas y valores en universitarios mexicanos. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 43(2), 203-212.

Currie, M. R., Cunningham, E. G., & Findlay, B. M. (2004). The short internalized homonegativity scale: Examination of the factorial structure of a new measure of internalized homophobia. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(6), 1053-1067. DOI: 10.1177/0013164404264845

Chapman, B. E., & Brannock, J. C. (1987). Proposed Model of Lesbian Identity Development. Journal of Homosexuality, 14(3-4), 69-80. DOI: 10.1300/J082v14n03_05

D’Augelli, A. R., & Grossman, A. H. (2001). Disclosure of sexual orientation, victimization, and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1008-1027. DOI: 10.1177/088626001016010003

Dank, B. M. (1971). Coming out in the gay world. Pychiatry, 34(2), 180-197. DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1971.11023666

DeMonteflores, C., & Schultz, S. J. (1978). Coming out: Similarities and differences for lesbians and gay men. Journal of Social Issues, 34(3), 59-72. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02614.x

Díaz-Loving, R. (2017). Las garras de la cultura: Investigaciones en torno a las normas y creencias del mexicano. México: Manual Moderno.

Díaz-Loving, R., Rivera, S., Villanueva, T., & Cruz, L. (2011). Las premisas histórico-socioculturales de la familia mexicana: Su exploración desde las creencias y las normas. Revista Mexicana de Investigación en Psicología, 3(2), 128-142.

Dirección General de Divulgación de la Ciencia (DGDC) (s. f.). Bisexuales enfrentan mayor discriminación: UNAM. Recuperado de https://www.fundacionunam.org.mx/unam-al-dia/bisexuales-enfrentan-mayor-discriminacion-unam/

Dorn-Medeiros, C. M., & Doyle, C. (2018). Alcohol as Coping: Internalized Homophobia and Heterosexism’s Role in Alcohol Use among Lesbians. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 12(3), 142-157. DOI: 10.1080/15538605.2018.1488230

Escobar-Pérez, J., & Cuervo-Martínez, A. (2008). Validez de contenido y juicio de expertos: Una aproximación a su utilización. Avances en Medición, 6, 27-36.

Falotico, R., & Quatto, P. (2015). Fleiss’ kappa stadistic without paradoxes. Quality & Quantity, 49, 463-470. DOI: 10.1007/s11135-014-0003-1

Flebus, G. B., & Montano, A. (2009). Lesbian Internalized Homophobia Scale. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 258, 23-32. DOI: 10.1300/J082v41n02_03

Flebus, G. B., & Montano, A. (2012). The Multifactor Internalized Homophobia Inventory. TPM, 19(3), 219-240. DOI: 10.4473/TPM19.3.5

Frías-Navarro, D. (2020). Apuntes de consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de un instrumento de medida. Universidad de Valencia. España. Recuperado de https://www.uv.es/~friasnav/AlfaCronbach.pdf

Gençöz, T., & Yüksel, M. (2006). Psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the internalized homophobia scale. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35, 597-602. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-006-9063-1

Hammelman, T. L. (1993). Gay and lesbian youth: Contributing factors to serious attempts or considerations of suicide. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 2(1), 77-89. DOI: 10.1300/J236v02n01_06

Hammersmith, S. K., & Weinberg, M. S. (1973). Homosexual identity: Commitment, adjustment, and significant others. Sociometry, 36(1), 56-79. DOI: 10.2307/2786282

Herek, G., Cogan, J. C., Gillis, J. R., & Glunt, E. K. (1998). Correlates of internalized homophobia in a community sample of lesbians and gay men. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 2(1), 17-25.

Herek, G., & Glunt, E. (1995). Identity and community among gay and bisexual men in the AIDS era: Preliminary findings from the Sacramento Men’s Health Study. In G. M. Herek & B. Greene (eds.), vol. 2: AIDS, identity, and community (pp. 55-84). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Higareda, J. J., Rivera, S., Romero, A., Reidl, L., & Flores, M. M. (2018). Normas y creencias asociadas al consumo de alcohol en adolescentes de Hidalgo: Un estudio exploratorio. En R. Díaz-Loving, L. I. Reyes-Lagunes & F. López-Rosales (eds.), La Psicología Social en México XVII (pp. 407-427). México: Asociación Mexicana de Psicología Social.

Hogan, T. P. (2004). Pruebas psicológicas: Una introducción práctica. México: Manual Moderno.

Howard, M. (2016). A Review of Exploratory Factor Analysis Decisions and Overview of Current Practices: What We Are Doing and How Can We Improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51-62. DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664

Hwang, K. K. (2011). Foundations of Chinese psychology: Confucian social relations (vol. 1). New York: Springer.

Kam, L. Y. L. (2007). Nora son the road: Family and marriage of lesbian women in Shangai. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 10(3-4), 87-103. DOI: 10.1300/J155v10n03_06

Kimmel, D. C. (1978). Development and aging: A gay perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 34(3), 113-130. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02618.x

Lee, J. A. (1977). Going public: A Study in the Sociology of Homosexual Liberation. Journal of Homosexuality, 3(1), 49-74. DOI: 10.1300/J082v03n01_05

Lingiardi, V., Baiocco, R., & Nardelli, N. (2012). Measure of internalized sexual stigma for lesbians and gay men: A new scale. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(8), 1191-1210. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2012.712850

Lock, J. (1998). Treatment of Homophobia in a Gay Male Adolescent. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 52(2), 202-214. DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1998.52.2.202

Lozano, I., & Rocha, T. (2011). La homofobia y su relación con la masculinidad hegemónica en México. Revista Puertorriqueña de Psicología, 22(1), 101-121.

Lozano, I., & Salinas, F. (2016). Conociendo nuestra diversidad: Discriminación, sexualidad, derechos, salud, familia y homofobia en la comunidad LGBTTTI. México: ActúaDF.

Lozano-Verduzco, I., Fernández-Niño, J., & Baruch-Domínguez, R. (2017). Association between internalized homophobia and mental health indicators in LGBT individuals in Mexico City. Salud Mental, 40(5), 219-225. DOI: 10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.028

Lloret, S., Ferreres, A., Hernández, A., & Tomás, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: Una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. DOI: 10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361

Martin, J. L., & Dean, L. L. (1987). Ego-dystonic homosexuality scale. Available from school of Public Health, Columbia University.

Mayfield, W. (2001). The development of an internalized homonegativity inventory for gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 53-76. DOI: 10.1300/J082v41n02_04

Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority Stress and Mental Health in Gay Men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38-56. DOI: 10.2307/2137286

Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674

Meyer, I. H. (2007). Prejudice and Discrimination as Social Stressors. In I. Meyer & M. Nothridge. The Health of Sexual Minorities: Public Health Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Populations (pp. 241-267). USA: Springer.

Meyer, I. H., & Dean, L. (1998). Internalized homophobia, intimacy and sexual behavior among gay and bisexual men. In G. Herek (ed.), Stigma and Sexual Orientation (pp. 160-186). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Minton, H. L., & McDonald, G. J. (1984). Homosexual identity formation as a developmental process. Journal of Homosexuality, 9(2-3), 91-104. DOI: 10.1300/J082v09n02_06

Moody, R., Starks, T., Grov, C., & Parsons, J. (2018). Internalized homophobia and drug use in a national cohort of gay and bisexual men: Examining depression, sexual anxiety, and gay community attachment as mediating factors. Arch Sex Behav, 47: 1133-1144. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-017-1009-2

Moral, J., & Valle, A. (2013). Dimensionalidad, consistencia interna y distribución de la Escala de Homonegatividad Internalizada en estudiantes mexicanos de Ciencias de la Salud. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 3(1), 986-1004. DOI: 10.1016/S2007-4719(13)70947-5

Morell-Mengual, V., Gil-Llario, M. D., Ballester-Arnal, R., & Salmerón-Sánchez, P. (2017). Spanish adaptation and validation of the short internalized homonegativity scale (SIHS). Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(4), 298-305. DOI: 10.1080/0092623X.2016.1149128

Moss, D. (2002). Internalized homophobia in men: Wanting in the first person singular, hating the first person plural. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 71(1), 21-50. DOI: 10.1002/j.2167-4086.2002.tb00003.x

Nogueira, A., & Araujo, N. (2019). Validity Evidences of the Internalized Homophobia Scale for Brazilian Gays and Lesbians. Psico-USF, 24(2), 361-372. DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712019240212

Nungesser, L. (1983). Homosexual acts, actors and identities. New York: Praeger.

Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1995). Teoría Psicométrica (3a, ed.). México: McGraw Hill.

Ortiz-Hernández, L. (2005). La opresión de minorías sexuales desde la inequidad de género. Política y Cultura, 22: 161-182.

Pereira, H., & Leal, I. (2005). Medindo a homofobia internalizada: A validação de um instrumento. Análise Psicológica, 3(23), 323-328.

Pérez, A. (2007). Ideación suicida e intento suicida en adolescentes homosexuales: Prevalencia de la homofobia internalizada como factor asociado presentado en adolescentes de la UMF 33 (tesis de especialidad inédita). México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Pineda-Roa, A. (2016). Propiedades psicométricas de una prueba de homonegatividad internalizada en varones homosexuales y bisexuales colombianos. Psicología desde el Caribe, 33(1), 47-65. DOI: 10.14482/psdc.33.1.8074

Puckett, J. A., Newcomb, M. E., Ryan, D. T., Swann, G., Garofalo, R., & Mustanski, B. (2018). Internalized Homophobia and Perceived Stigma: A Validation Stury of Stigma Measures in a Sample of Young Men who Have Sex with Men. Sex Res Social Policy, 14(1), 1-16. DOI: 10.1007/s13178-016-0258-5

Reidl, L. M., & Jurado, S. J. (2007). Culpa y vergüenza. Caracterización psicológica y social. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.

Reidl-Martínez, L. (2013). Confiabilidad en la medición. Metodología de Investigación en Educación Médica, 2(6), 107-111.

Ren, Z. (2012). Spirituality and community in times of crisis: Encountering spirituality in indigenous trauma therapy. Pastoral Psychology, 61(5-6), 975-991. DOI: 10.1007/s11089-012-0440-5

Ren, Z., & Hood, R. J. (2018). Internalized homophobia scale for gay Chinese men: Conceptualization, factor structure, reliability, and correlates. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(5), 1297-1306. DOI: 10.1177/1557988318768603

Reyes-Lagunes, I., & García-Barragán, L. F. (2008). Procedimiento de validación psicométrica culturalmente relevante: Un ejemplo. En S. Rivera-Aragón, R. Díaz-Loving, R. Sánchez-Aragón & I. Reyes-Lagunes (eds.), La psicología social en México, vol. XII (pp. 625-636). México: Asociación Mexicana de Psicología Social.

Ross, M., & Rosser, B. (1996). Measurement and correlates of internalized homophobia: A factor analytic study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(1), 15-21. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199601)52:1<15::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-V

Schäfer, S. (1976). Sexual and social problems of lesbians. The Journal of Sex Research, 12(1), 50-69. DOI: 10.1080/00224497609550921

Schrimshaw, E. W., Downing, M. J., & Cohn, D. J. (2018). Reasons for non-disclosure of sexual orientation among behaviorally bisexual men: Non-disclosure as stigma management. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(1), 219-233. DOI: 10.1007/s10508-016-0762-y

Schrimshaw, E. W., Siegel, K., Downing, M. J., & Parsons, J. T. (2013). Disclosure and Concealment of Sexual Orientation and the Mental Health of Non-Gay-Identified, Behaviorally-Bisexual Men. J Consult Clin Psychol, 81(1), 141-153. DOI: 10.1037/a0031272

Shestakovskyi, O., & Kasianczuk, M. (2018). Study of internalized homonegativity (Internal homophobia): Analytical report. Tallinn: Eurasian Coalition on Male Health (ECOM).

Shidlo, A. (1994). Internalized homophobia: Conceptual and empirical issues in measurement. In B. Greene & G. Herek (eds.). Lesbian and Gay Psychology (pp. 176-205). Thousan Oaks: SAGE.

Smolenski, D. J., Diamond, P. M., Ross, M. W., & Rosser, B. R. (2010). Revision, criterion validity, and multigroup assessment of the reactions to homosexuality scale. J Pers Assess, 92(6), 568-576. DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2010.513300

Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología (SMP) (2009). Código ético del psicólogo (4a. ed.) México: Trillas.

Sophie, J. (1986). A critical examination of stage theories of lesbian identity development. Journal of homosexuality, 12(2), 39-51. DOI: 10.1300/j082v12n02_03

Szymanski, D. M., & Chung, B. (2001). The internalized homophobia scale: A rational/theoretical approach. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 37-52. DOI: 10.1300/J082v41n02_03

Szymanski, D. M., Kashubeck-West, S., & Meyer, J. (2008). Internalized heterosexism: A historical an theoretical overview. The Counseling Psychologist, 36(4), 510-524. DOI: 10.1177/0011000007309488

Trejo, F., & Díaz-Loving, R. (2016). Elaboración y validación del inventario de premisas histórico socioculturales sobre la sexualidad. Acta Psicológica Peruana, 1(2), 289-306.

Troiden, R. R. (1979). Becoming homosexual: A model of gay identity acquisition. Psychiatry, 42(4), 362-373. DOI: 10.1080/00332747.1979.11024039

Van Beusekom, G., Bos, H. M., Kuyper, L., Overbeek, G., & Sandfort, T. G. (2016). Gender nonconformity and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults: Homophobic stigmatization and internalized homophobia as mediators. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(9), 1211-1222. DOI: 10.1177/1359105316643378

Villagrán, G., Delgado, K., & Solís, E. (2000). Homofobia internalizada y revelación de homosexualidad. En La psicología social en México, VIII (pp. 763-769). México: Asociación Mexicana de Psicología Social.

Wagner, G., Serafini, J., Rabkin, J., Remien, R., & Williams, J. (1994), Integration of one’s religion and homosexuality: A weapon against internalized homophobia? J. Homosexuality, 26: 91-110. DOI: 10.1300/J082v26n04_06

Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., & Pryor, D. W. (1994). Dual attraction: Understanding bisexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.

Williamson, I. R. (2000). Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men. Health Education Research. Theory & Practice, 15(1), 97-107. DOI: 10.1093/her/15.1.97

Yolaç, E., & Meriç, M. (2021). Internalized homophobia and depression levels in LGBT individuals. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57: 304-310. DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12564

Published
2021-07-30
How to Cite
Bonilla-Teoyotl, C. I., Rivera-Aragón, S., Díaz-Loving, R., Cruz-Sierra, S., Barrientos-Delgado, J., & Robles-Mendoza , A. L. (2021). Development and psychometric analysis of a new internalized homophobia scale. Revista Digital Internacional De Psicología Y Ciencia Social, 7(2), 306-329. https://doi.org/10.22402/j.rdipycs.unam.7.2.2021.356.306-329